Let's talk vaccines: ᴬᵈᵛᵃⁿᶜⁱⁿᵍ ᴰᵉᵛᵉˡᵒᵖᵐᵉⁿᵗˢ ⁱⁿ ᵗʰᵉ ˢᵐᵃˡˡᵖᵒˣ ⱽᵃᶜᶜⁱⁿᵉ

 

The smallpox outbreaks overwhelmingly exceeded the number of cows infected with cowpox available to harvest from. In order to create enough vaccines to meet the need advances in vaccine production started. 

In 1876 the New York Board of Health established a vaccine farm in Lakeview, New Jersey. Lymph from calves infected with cowpox virus was harvested and used as vaccine. 

In 1881 government production of nonhumanized vaccine lymph by serial propagation in calves began in London. The vaccine was distributed to public vaccinators.

Around 1898 developments such as the addition of glycerin to vaccine lymph, the increasing regulation of pharmaceutical suppliers, and the advancements of microbiology led to the generally increasing safety of the vaccine supply.

In 1909 at the Vaccine Institute in Paris, Lucien Camus dried smallpox vaccine pulp in an evacuated chamber, removing all of the moisture from the sample. Such air-dried vaccines were used in tropical areas, where the temperature would destroy non-dried vaccine material. But in 1918 they improved on the air-dried version by producing a freeze-dried vacuum-packed vaccine which was used in both French Guiana and the French tropical colonies. Its use continued for decades and became crucial to widespread vaccination programs in tropical areas in the 1970s.

These advancements in smallpox vaccines paved the way for future vaccines for a variety of infectious diseases.

{You can find all the sources I used by clicking here.}